Analysis of Common Enzymatic Pathways in Gambierdiscus toxicus and Symbiodinium in the TCA Cycle :: The TCA Cycle

Foundation: Dinoflagellates are one of the four principle sorts of phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, single celled and free living life forms in the sea. Dinoflagellates cause the Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) otherwise called the red tide impact (Hackett et al 2004). Harmfulness continuing at upper degrees of the evolved way of life is identified in them from the ones which are poisonous, yet not every single such sprout are harmful. Improved recognition abilities may partially add to watched high recurrence and seriousness of harmful blossoms. As they are likewise significant in the soundness of coral reefs their examination has increased huge intrigue. Species are frequently chosen for genome sequencing dependent on their significance as a model living being or importance to human wellbeing, for example, the HAB case. Fig 1 Gambierdiscus Toxicus and its brilliant earthy colored chloroplasts (Image graciousness: Institute Malarde) Reproducing the developmental history of dinoflagellates has been trying as they have a realized capacity to change from noncyst †to growth †shaping methodologies (unreferenced/Wikipedia). The dinoflagellate core needs histones, nucleosomes and keeps up ceaselessly dense chromosomes during mitosis (Dodge 1966), making their arrangement troublesome (Hackett et al 2004). In spite of the fact that being named eukaryotes, the dinoflagellate cores are not distinctively eukaryotic (Dodge 1966). In any case, run of the mill eukaryotic organelles, for example, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and chloroplasts are available in dinoflagellates (Morrill et al 1983). Since dinoflagellate cores have middle of the road qualities between the curled DNA regions of prokaryotic microbes and the all around characterized eukaryotic core it was named ‘mesokaryotic’ by Dodge (1966). This exploration centers around Gambierdiscus toxicus which is a heavily clad, marine, benthic species in the phylum Dinoflagellata. It has an epitheca and a hypotheca, that is fundamentally the same as in size, packed anterio-posteriorly. The theca is secured with various profound and thick pores which are exceptionally thick. This species is autotrophic making vitality through a few brilliant earthy colored chloroplasts (Hackett et al 2004), but at the same time is heterotrophic and consequently is alluded to as mixotrophic. It has a ventrally †situated bow formed core. (Adachi and Fukuyo 1979). It for the most part occupies hotter waters, for example, straight, mediterranian, tropical/sub †tropical in North/Central America (Shiumuzu et al 1982; Loeblich and Indelicato 1986), Asia/Pacific (Holmes and Tao 2002; Lu and Hodgkiss 2004) and has as of late been distinguished in the Mediterranean (Aligizaki and Nikolaidis 2008). These creators distinguished the living beings to variety level, best case scenario of their exertion, so may have been one of the less regular individuals from its class in spite of the fact that it is improbable.

Staffing Report (final project for the HRM class ) Research Paper

Staffing Report (last venture for the HRM class ) - Research Paper Example Walmart values the capacity to offer clients the most reduced costs which thusly, they accept, prompts a general sentiment of prosperity. Notwithstanding their proceeding with objective of offering low costs, Walmart additionally needs to have the best choice of items. As indicated by the article entitled â€Å"Walmart, P&G, Kraft Swap Sales and Marketing Strategies,† Walmart added 8500 things to their racks so as to fulfill the needs of their customers(Walmart, p&g, kraft, 2011). As far as their business methodology, Walmart is trying to make more stores globally and inside the United States(Walmart, p&g, kraft, 2011). Furthermore, Walmart is equipping to make all the more earth inviting brands and items, in order to lessen their carbon impression (Walmart, p&g, kraft, 2011). As far as their Human Resource system, Walmart looks to give consistent preparing and instruction to their representatives, with the goal that client support is high and expenses are low( Walmart corporate, 2011). For the following three years, HR accepts that this methodology will keep on helping minimize costs for the organization. Portrayal of who they enlist Within the Walmart organization there are a wide range of occupations that an individual may apply for. One of the most widely recognized situations at this organization is that of the store partner. At present, there are 1.2 million representatives who fill in as store partners. This specific employment is included everything client care. Store partners are required to work the registers, perform returns, assist clients with discovering items, stock product, and keep the store clean and organized(Walmart corporate, 2011). There doesn't seem, by all accounts, to be any prerequisite for this position, despite the fact that it is useful if the individual is in better than average wellbeing and can deal with representing extensive stretches of time and can lift respectably substantial things on occasion(Walmart corporate, 2011). There are additionally store the executives positions. Inside this specific region, there are three unique degrees of the executives: colleague director, co-supervisor, and head supervisor. The base capabilities for these positions ordinarily remember 1-3 years for an administrative job and 1-3 years of general administration experience. Training or foundation in account is likewise a significant part, in spite of the fact that not constantly required. The principle obligations of those inside an administration position is to direct the store partners, meet deals and monetary objectives, and to ensure that the store keeps to the company’s rules and policies(Walmart corporate, 2011). Individuals can likewise apply for a coordinations profession at Walmart which is the appropriation end of the organization. This specific occupation involves getting items to the stores. There are more than 40 appropriation places in the United States and items are continually c oming in and out as per the necessities of the stores(Walmart corporate, 2011). For this activity, significant levels of physical wellness are required as is involvement in substantial apparatus. Association aptitudes are significant for this specific profession way too. Walmart’s recruiting reasoning spins around â€Å"Respect for the Individual† (Walmart corporate, 2011). This implies the organization needs to offer a serious pay and advantages for their representatives. They are a genuinely dynamic

Scientists Debunk the Myth That 10,000 Hours of Practice Makes You an Expert

Scientists Debunk the Myth That 10,000 Hours of Practice Makes You an Expert Can a magic number define your expertise or really make you an expert at anything?A 1993 psychology paper, by the psychologist Anders Ericsson of the Florida State University, first introduced this widely touted idea that 10,000 hours of practice can make you an expert at anything.This theory was pushed into the social and scientific sphere again with Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers claiming that anyone can master a skill if they put in 10,000 hours of practice.Despite imminent skepticism from the scientific community, there was a general rise of hope in the masses that if they really tried hard and put on that many hours of practice they can be exceptionally good at something, even masters of a skill they desired. There is even a Macklemore song about it.However, being exceptional at a skill is often attributed not only to the genetic talents passed down to the child but also to the environmental factors.Whether it be musical ability, skill with numbers or artistic talent, there are a multitude of factors involved and if the skills are nurtured, remarkable genes can result in equally remarkable talent.Gladwell’s theory encapsulates the idea that talent can be learned and through an extended practice of a skill and intense training it can be earned as well. No pain no gain, they say. Source: Code7700Let’s trace the idea.Can 10,000 hours of practice really bring out the best in you and is enough to help you master your chosen field of interest?SO WHAT IS THE ACTUAL THEORY?   According to the actual theory, if you put in 10,000 hours of practice into a skill, it is a surefire way to become an expert.This concept has wormed its way into social consciousness due to the fact that it simplifies the mysticism of achieving greatness with easily definable steps.People have now generalized the fact from Ericsson’s and Gladwell’s works into extrapolating that talent can be learned as well as earned through intense practice.Dedicated practice in your chosen field can be the precursor to success and the secret to bringing out the best in your innate abilities.Gladwell and Ericsson both insisted on deliberate practice and to reach the threshold of 10,000 hours, it would require 90 minutes each day for approximately 20 years, which might explain an average child learning a piano might never reach concert level.Additionally, the 10,000-hour mark is not such a “skill tipping point” according to Gladwell who states that skills are developed gradually and evolved with practice.There is a variance in the range of time periods, where different individuals reach a peak of proficiency, in their chosen field.However, the theory’s tainted result might be due to the domain dependency which is better explained in Frans Johansson’s book, “The Click Moment”, in which the author explains that deliberate practice can be proven successful in domains with a stable structure and predefined steps.For example, Richard Branson started with a record business, but ventured well beyond music and is now launching rockets into space.Take Sex Pistols for instance, who rocked the stage of the world with their music even though Sid Vicious was a poor excuse of a bass player.Brooke Macnamara, the lead author of the Princeton study, states:There is no doubt that delibe rate practice is important, from both a statistical and a theoretical perspective. It is just less important than has been argued. For scientists, the important question now is, what else matters?INSPIRATION FROM ERICSSON’S ORIGINAL THEORYGladwell’s inspiration came from K. Anders Ericsson, whose theory validates the points that if sufficient practice is applied to any particular skill, anyone can achieve proficiency level, equivalent to a classical musician on the top of their field.Ericsson’s key study was based on the violinists of the Berlin Academy of Music, in which most musicians begin their musical training by the age five with varying number of hours for practice and by age eight the practice times start diverging.According to the researchers, by the age of twenty, some expert performers have an average of 10,000 hours of practice or even more while good performers totaled hours amount to 8,000 and lesser-abled performers can account their performance hours to just 4, 000. Ericsson and his fellow psychologist found similar patterns in expert and amateur pianists.An amateur pianist, by the age of 20, has put in more than 2,000 hours of practice while professionals had put in considerably more effort with their hours of practicing amounting to more than 10,000. The study clearly states,“The maximal level of performance for individuals in a given domain is not attained automatically as a function of extended experience, but the level of performance can be increased even by highly experienced individuals as a result of deliberate efforts to improve.”The 10,000-hour rule is further consolidated by the claim,“Our basic assumption is that the amount of time an individual is engaged in deliberate practice activities is monotonically related to that individuals acquired performance. It follows from this assumption that individuals should attempt to maximize the amount of time they spend on deliberate practice to reach expert performance.”IS MALCOLM GLAD WELL’S OUTLIERS JUST A BUNCH OF LIES?  According to Gladwell, this magical formula of practicing 10,000 hours is the key to success in any field and all sportsmen, computer programmers, and performers have more or less put in more than 10,000 hours of practice, which eventually allowed them to become shining stars in  their fields as compared to their less diligent counterparts.For example, he extrapolates the success of the Beatles with the extended opportunity afforded them to play in clubs and bars in Hamburg, Germany, which gave them plenty of time to hone their skills. Source: Indo MT5Gladwell also cites Bill Gates, who in contrast to his contemporaries was given access to a computer at an early age of 13, in 1968, which gave him an excellent foundation to become the co-founder of the software giant Microsoft.While others his age were playing soccer, he was putting in hours of practice, which gave him a prominent head start to become beacon head in programming and building his company at such a young age.However, it may seem like an unattainable goal to achieve because most experts who are best in their fields have accumulated an average of 10,000 of practice hours as opposed to a total, while winners of international musical competitions have put in more than 25,000 hours of dedicated practice.Moreover, if the area of expertise is less competitive, it is much more likely that you will succeed, which is strengthened by the findings by Ericsson and his colleagues, who stated that college students can reach expertise in memorizing digits with just 50 0-1,000 hours of practice.And while deliberate practice might be a big contributor to success, it cannot be the whole story.It is still a bone of contention between psychologists that no matter the amount of practice, the absence of proper motivation can become a hindrance in the acquisition of expertise in any field, may it be mathematics, physics, sports, arts or music.The question is, what makes other people slightly more motivated than others their age and what pushes them to do well in the first place?Even when two people, with the same amount of practice hours are observed and studies, there are still disparities that cannot be explained.What if the seductive notion of the 10,000 rule is all wrong? Some might argue that excellence is only reserved for a selected group of individuals and they are the real winners of the genetic lottery that has skimmed past us.Gladwell’s book doesn’t qualify with the activities requiring deliberate practice.The questions isn’t of how many hours of practice you put in, but rather if people are born with a particular set of skills and have enough motivation and spare time to realize their dream in pursuit of a single goal.That is the point of difference from Ericsson’s study that observed British musicians and found that the top performers in the field are not fast learners, even when they are compared to the average performers in their field.The psychologists studied various musician groups for hours and found that most of them improved or learned at the same rate. The only disparity was that top performers practiced for more hours.Further studies explained their excellence as the fact that most top performers possessed an early natural gift for music or had the distinct advantage of being taught at home by parents or private tuitions.Similar observations were recorded when child prodigies in art and music were studied. At first glance, they might have seemed to be blessed with natural raw talent, but closer inspec tion revealed a different story.For example, Rudiger Gamm, a German mathematician who assisted in finding the quotient of two primes up to 60 decimals was dubbed a “Walking Miracle” by science magazines, but it is now revealed that he devoted his life to the study of numbers and practiced no less than four hours every day relentlessly until he mastered the number facts and the procedures behind them.Deviating from the core principles of Ericsson’s study is the reason Tim Ferris mocks the 10,000 hour rule. SORRY! JUST PRACTICE WON’T TURN YOU INTO THE BEATLESWhen they say practice makes perfect, it is not always the essence or replacement for talent, which is inherent. Scientists have remained quite skeptical in face of Gladwell’s theory.A recent group of psychologists, from 5 reputable universities, has rebuffed the claim as well as Gladwell’s wisdom. According to the authors,“leaving the majority of the reliable variance unexplained and potentially explainable by other factors.”According to the study, several levels of varying deliberate practice only accounts for one third of excellence in the performance levels recounted in musicians and chess players.It also depends on the age that you start practicing, personality, intelligence or another X factor, which leaves us with the idea that while practice is great, it won’t suddenly instill in you a natural born talent where there was none. “Practice only accounts for one third of excellence in performance levels.”The team of psychologists analyzed data from previous studies, spanning chess competitions with 1,083 participants in total and 8 studies with 628 musicians to find the correlation between success and practice.What they found, left Gladwell’s study in the dust.Huge disparities were found in the way grand musicians and chess grandmasters practiced.For example, it took 26 years for one chess player to reach a level of expertise that another reached in just two years.It is quite clear, that there is so much more at work than just mere practice and the sheer number of hours it takes. The scientific journal Intelligence published their study as well as their claim,“The majority of the reliable variance unexplained and potentially explainable by other factors.”, “The evidence is quite clear that some people do reach an elite level of performance without copious practice, while other people fail to do so despite copious practice.Researchers found a 12% difference in the performance, through 88 deliberate studies of several domains. What’s shocking is that the domain made a huge difference.For example, while practice made 26% difference in games, in education, it accounts for just a measly 4%.This cross examination of six previous studies strengthened the claims that excellence is reliant on two factors, genetic ability and natural talent. Source: HubSpotERICSSON AND MALCOM GLADWELL’S WEAK DEFENSE IN FACE OF CRITICISM  Anders Ericsson, the psychologist that Gladwell cited in his infamous paper has publicly disagreed with these new findings by arguing that the critics have focused their studies on too many beginners and not many experts in their fields. According to him,  â€œMy review rejects the assumption that data on large samples of beginners can be extrapolated to samples of elite and expert performers”. He also published a revised paper to reaffirm his believes on how the masses perceive the concept all wrong and the study is focused on what the current performance of a trainee is and what it could be after sufficient training.He also elaborated in his new study the unknown variable of heritability related to expert performers, meaning that where expert performers are concerned, cognitive ability is not correlative with performance.Ericsson himself, among many others, have found several inaccuracies where Glad well’s book is concerned and he has faced a lot of backlash over claims mentioned in his book.Sports Illustrated author David Epstein went as far as to publish a new book called, “The Sports Gene” in which he disapproves of Gladwell’s theory.Business Insider went as far as to state that Gladwell’s theory is destroyed by Epstein’s book. Gladwell however defended his claims by stating,  â€œEpstein has written a wonderful book. But I wonder if, in his zeal to stake out a provocative claim on this one matter, he has built himself a straw man.”Gladwell, you see, applied the 10,000 rule to activities that required cognitive thoughts and not those of swimmers and runners.According to him, the critics cannot refute his claims or invalidate the 10,000 hours rule, as in fields, demanding cognitive thoughts, natural ability is unheard of and the rules work better for activities and instances where there is a specific number of instances and possibilities that can be mastered and expertise attained in a given amount of time.WHERE DOES THE THEORY OF ‘NATURAL TALENT AND GENETIC ABILITY’ STAND?  The truth about talent is often attributed to preordained genius or innate abilities, which is what the Theory of Natural Talent and Genetic Ability is all about.The idea behind it is that heredity and genetics are the only explanations for physical attributes but our mathematical, musical, sporting and scientific prowess, which gives us precedence over others.In short, our excellence in a domain hinges on our genetic inheritance.This concept is in stark contrast to Gladwell’s theory.We use the word talent to rationalize and understand this idea that brilliant musicians, scientists, mathematicians are born with a distinct advantage of a superior DNA with excellence encoded in them since birth.While supporters of Gladwell and Ericsson harp about the notions of deliberate practice and extended hours of hard work to achieve excellence, it cannot be ignored that peopl e are born with natural and innate ability to do well than others in their field and achieve excellence with less practice than their counterparts.Chrissie Wellington, for instance, was a four-time Ironman Triathlete, who competed professionally when she was 30 and won her very first world championship just a year later.According to Dean Keith Simonton, a psychologist, natural talent allows a person to get more bang for their buck or help them get better faster and improve their expertise in a record amount of time.According to Matt Ridly,Genes are the mechanisms of experience.”Which means that talent is a gradual development through a stabilized interaction of environment and genes, where talent and practice are complimentary if not at all at odds.IF PRACTICE ISN’T THE ANSWER, THEN  WHAT  IS?      There has been an ongoing debate over the quantity of practice over the quality.Attaining exceptional mastery in any field can be attributed to not just practice or innate ability or talent, but also to certain learning strategies and tactics that can help you tide over the average counterpart in your field and become a proficient master of a specific domain.While deliberate practice is a precursor to excellence, it is important to set specific and definable goals, facilitate swift and accurate feedback in an orderly progression and also create an environment that not only permits progress but expedites it. Here are some more ways that can facilitate expertise.1. Acquiring Extensive Knowledge And  Research  Accumulating necessary information to achieve any desired objective is what swift skill acquisition is all about. It will tell you exactly how to reach your goal and what you need to reach it.Tracking your progress and measuring yourself with the received feedback can provide an exceptional way to adapt yourself to changes required for better results.2. Baby Steps  Of  Learning And  Observation  Learning a skill can become easy with information gathering and observation, which can facilitate your innate ability.Learning about a subject or a skill can help your chances of mastering it and general observation is always helpful in the form of demonstrations or workshops.3. Creating  Short Term Goals For Self    It is much more sensible to create goals you know you can achieve.Realistic goals have a better chance of being achieved than setting up high expectations and then disappointing yourself.Achievable goals can be broken down into steps and small steps can be taken to gradually ascend to the top.4. Teaching  Others  Lectures, reading, audio-visual aids, demonstrations, group discussions, practice comes second only to teaching others which is termed as a participatory teaching method.Teaching others improves your own proficiency level, which gives you the necessary motivation as well as responsibility to master a subject before you can teach it to others.FINAL THOUGHTSIt is often a great idea to research claims of any study or scientifi c research before adopting their findings in a closed-eye haze.It is a stark reality that no amount of practice can help you in any sports field if your body and fitness level is not up to the mark and 10,000 hours to pile up on top of natural talent to hone a skill is just overkill.The combination of natural ability and time however is not a guarantee of expertise but development of deliberate practice as a concept.And while it may be your best bet on mastering a skill, burning yourself out with extended periods of practice can do more harm than good.It is always a good idea to focus your energies on the quality of your focus on learning skills rather than the quantity of hours that you put in.

Caris Story aP 2 - 987 Words

Cari’s Story Unit 5 Case Study One Aamp;P 2 07/24/13 Dr. Brown Cari’s Story Question A: How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses? The infection will spread into her sinuses because the pharynx, sinuses, larynx, and trachea are all connected and the infection is prone to spread to the surrounding areas if not treated in a timely manner. Question B: What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. The cough reflex is a long and deep inhalation followed by the closing of the glottis, this causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends air through the respiratory passages. Stimulus for the reflex†¦show more content†¦Because the PCO2 levels are too high the body is not getting the adequate amount of oxygen. This means the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin is not working properly do to the excessive amounts carbon dioxide causing respiratory acidosis. Question K: How would you have expected Cari’s deceased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing? The decrease in her PCO2 and pH will cause her central nervous system to slow down causing her breathing to slow down to try to give her body more carbon dioxide to level out the amount of oxygen/carbon dioxide ratio. Question L: How would administration of oxygen enhance Cari’s central drive to breathe? Giving Cari proper steady flow oxygen will keep her body from working hard to get the amount of oxygen it needs. This will soon help level her out to get the proper oxygen/carbon dioxide ratio. Question M: Which anatomical structures in Cari’s respiratory system were initially involved? The initial structures that were involved were the nasal passage, sinuses, throat, and pharynx. Question N: Why was Cari plagued with chronic smoker’s cough? Because Cari is a smoker this has caused the cilia in her respiratory passages to become paralyzed and secrete excess amounts of mucus that need to be expelled, leading to the smoker’s cough. Question O: Which damaging effects of tobacco smoke led to Cari’s impaired respiratory defense mechanisms? Alveolar

Notes on International Relations Topics for Essay in Simple Step by Step Order

Notes on International Relations Topics for Essay in Simple Step by Step Order As the reader will find, quite a few of our research articles are in-depth analyses on international problems. You continually explore new thoughts and information and keep current on political subjects and think of new techniques to consider and address troubles. The point of a major is to deliver an intellectual focus for several courses. So far as the students are involved, writing a research paper is among the toughest and frustrating endeavor in their opinion. Another weakness affecting the financial rise and situation in Cambodia is the absence of education that a number of the older generations possess. In the recent times, many nations share cultural, economic, military and strategic relationship that's of amazing importance. Commonly it provides the info about current affairs it spreads all around the world. Among the Cambodia's strengths has become the financial growth that's rapidly r ising. Definitions of International Relations Topics for Essay Like most areas of scholarship, there are distinct schools of thought within the field of international relations. Essentially, global communication has never been simpler. The Ph.D. degree is essentially a research degree. Besides the schools of international relations discussed immediately above, there are quite a few different schools which are much the same except they don't have a clear foreign relations focus. New Questions About International Relations Topics for Essay Special approaches have to be employed. You're unique and are therefore here in order to make your special contribution. Communication plays an important part in the current global challenge, be it in business or private affairs. You're conscious of the means in which opinions are formed and the function of the media as you research current events on your studies. International relations is the study of the way the different actors of the global community interact with each other on a daily basis. Multinational corporations play a prominent part in current foreign affairs. It is crucial to investigate several colleges and universities to obtain the one which takes an approach to international relations that will enable you to attain your career objectives. The Downside Risk of International Relations Topics for Essay Political scientists often utilize qualitative and quantitative research procedures. Volunteers often work by themselves in rigorous bodily ailments. University faculty generally have a lot of freedom in selecting what they will research and teach, permitting them to create specialized knowledge in a wide range of areas. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadlin e. International Relations Topics for Essay Explained There is frequently a world language requirement too. Among the tenets of realism i.e. states are the important actors in IR, does not permit it to comprehend and manage the notion of why non-state actors are getting more important and influential in the global stage. Theories of international relations are basically a set of ideas targeted at explaining the way the global system works. Self-preservation is an important theme in realism, as states must always find power to safeguard themselves. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. Employing the usage of her skills as an empath, tarot reader, astrologist, life coach and energy reader, Laura is equipped to supply clear and concise insight on what's ahead along with valuable info on just what the client is able to do to change their circumstance. There is a great deal of confusion ab out international law for a career. It doesn't make a difference to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Unlike medical school, not one of these various varieties of schools has quite a specific set of undergraduate requirements. The body is a machine. Since it gives us the ability to relate to everyone. The truth is students may quite reasonably apply to every one of them at precisely the same time with the exact same set of undergraduate courses, even though they will end up taking many of different standardized tests. Worldwide trade, in a sizable way impacts the GDP of the country and also features an influence on the social and political issues of a nation. The usa removed both threats. Quite simply, a US charity cannot exist for the sole intention of financially supporting a particular foreign charity. Thus, if vital foreign problems must be resolved now, there's very little choice except to deal with those who have power in Iran. The Hidden Secret of International Relations Topics for Essay International relations too have an outstanding effect on import export. Sales associates are usually selling the goods or services, and are measured with the total amount of revenue or sales in a particular time period. A sales associate accounts for the exchange of a good or commodity for a price.

A Culture of Respect Free Essays

A Culture of Respect: How Can Leaders Create a Culture of Respect in an Industrial Organization? ORGL 506 Gonzaga University John Gergich ORGL 506 A1 Professor Barbara McLaughlin February 19th, 2012 Abstract This paper provides an overview of research surrounding the importance of creating a culture of respect within an industrial organization. The research identifies key definitions of respect as well as other principles interrelated to respect such as honesty, integrity and transparency. Drawing on the research, culture is defined by policies, procedures and behaviors of the individuals who make up the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on A Culture of Respect or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research also describes not only the keys necessary to developing an environment where respect and trust flourish, but how to sustain the gains in order to create a competitive advantage. When respect and trust are increased, productivity increases and cost is reduced. Conversely, when respect and trust are low, the speed at which things are accomplished is significantly slowed and costs begin to spiral out of control. Creating a Culture of Respect Respect is one of the values that we hear talked about a lot in organizations. Respect is a word that usually evokes a positive conversation in that most human beings feel that respect is important and valued. The problem has been that almost no one really thinks about or understands what it means to respect someone, create a culture of respect among people or for that matter what it means to be to be respected. We don’t generally normally think of respect as an action but as a feeling or judgment about other people. The purpose of this literature review is to give leaders, line managers, project managers and change agents practical assistance in creating a work environment where everyone feels valued and espected and where harassment and bullying are unacceptable. The guidance draws on information from a number of resources and research documents produced in recent years. Leaders who fail to tackle discrimination, harassment and bullying pay a price. The cost to an organization can be measured in: †¢ lost time because staff are affected by stress a nd ill health †¢ lower engagement due to low morale †¢ reduced work output and quality of service †¢ lost resources due to trained and experienced people leaving the organization Organizations are complex systems with their own rules and cultures. The way that organizations manage people plays an important role in the creation of a culture that is either respectful or bullying towards its employees. An organization has to ensure that its systems and culture do not reward bullying behavior, but rather that such behavior will be discovered and challenged. Literature Review Defining Respect The word respect originates from the Latin â€Å"respectus† which means â€Å"to look† or â€Å"to look back†. The term can be distinguished as having something to do with observation. If the prefix â€Å"re† implies â€Å"again†, then we have the concept of respect as meaning something like â€Å"looking again† (Selman, 2001). Respecting another means we are â€Å"looking† at the other person in a particular way. Although we may or may not agree with another’s worldview or perspective, we are open to listening and honoring their opinion. Conversely, disrespect conveys a behavior in which we are generally closed to certain possibilities and conversations with them. Although respect is just a word, what it means and what it distinguishes for us can make all the difference in how we observe ourselves and others. In the article Leadership and respect, the author suggests that while respect is a context for any relationship, we as individuals make the choice whether it is an expression of our commitment to effective relationships with others or whether it becomes part of a culture and worldview that separates and limits us. Stephen M. R. Covey suggests that the foundation of effective relationships is trust. While us as individuals may have positive intent, people judge others based on consistent behavior. The single biggest violation of trust is integrity. Covey asserts that integrity is of greater importance than honesty. Although honesty is crucial, integrity is made up of three other components: congruency, humility and courage (2006). It stands to reason that respect begins with leaders displaying an honorable character which is consistent in nature with the values and goals of the organization. If leaders simply pay â€Å"lip service† when people are watching, yet act in an inconsistent way in private, the foundation of trust has been damaged and it will be difficult at best to create an atmosphere of respect. How Respect is Developed Creating a culture of respect begins with a commitment to seeing everyone as worthy of respect. As previously suggested, while we don’t always have a choice about our automatic judgments and predispositions, we do have a choice about what our valuations mean and the weight we give to them in our day to day relationships (Selman, 2001). Covey describes building trust and respect within an organization as a cause and effect relationship. The author suggests that there are taxes and dividends companies can avoid and leverage in an attempt to develop a culture of respect (2006) (fig. 1. 1). Taxes |Dividends | |Redundancy |Increased Value | |Bureaucracy |Accelerated Growth | |Politics |Enhanced Innovation | |Disengagement |Improved Collaboration | |Turnover |Stronger Partnering | |Churn |Better Execution | |Fraud |Heightened Loyalty | Figure 1. 1 As organizations develop a culture of respect, standards and values have an impact on an employee’s perception as to what is acceptable behavior (Tehrani, 2001). Organizations going through this type of cultural transformation need to engage all pertinent stakeholders in the development process. This universal participation and buy-in dramatically increases the likelihood of success. How Respect is Sustained Armstrong International is a privately-owned mid-sized manufacturing corporation in Michigan which has been steadily growing even during the recession. In their 109 year existence they have never had a single layoff. According to the company’s fourth-generation Chief Executive, David Armstrong, the secret to their success is establishing a work culture based on respect (Earing, 2012). Specifically in an industrial organization, Armstrong believes the key to a successful manufacturing operation is one that focuses on building a culture based on core values, such as honesty and respect. â€Å"It all goes back to the golden rule—‘Do unto others as you would do to you. ’ Treat your employees with respect and courtesy, and communicate with them about what’s going on,† (para 12). Tehrani suggests that organizations need to practical and emotional support to people in conflict when issues arise (2001). Although an organization with a sustained level of respect is characterized as having an atmosphere of trust and dignity, it is equally important for leaders to be actively involved in being aware and diagnosing the signs and symptoms of bullying and harassment. Nancy R. Lockwood theorizes that workplace diversity is no longer just about anti-discrimination compliance, but also that it focuses on inclusion and the impact on the bottom line. Leveraging workplace diversity, and thus diversity of thought, is increasingly seen as a vital strategic resource for competitive advantage. More companies are linking workplace diversity to their strategic goals and objectives–and holding management accountable for results (2005). Thus, HR plays a key role in diversity management and leadership to create and empower an organizational culture that fosters a respectful, inclusive, knowledge-based environment where each employee has the opportunity to learn, grow and meaningfully contribute to the organization’s success. Conclusion Organizations will never completely eradicate human beings from having judgments about themselves and others. However, as leaders we can establish an environment of respect and live by the principle of trust. Like all values, respect cannot be legislated or regulated into existence. It must be learned, coached and demonstrated by leaders throughout the organization. Respect, as has been distinguished, is the context for all relationships and can be created through commitment within every day interactions. Achieving a environment where all people are fully engaged and respected is a large undertaking that requires tremendous focus and leadership. It cannot be something you do on the corner of your desk or when you have time. You need to observe evidence that the behavior is evident and institutionalized within the organization. References Covey, S. M. R. (2006). The Speed of Trust. New York: Simon Schuster. Earing, A. (2012). Successful Manufacturing Starts With Respect. Retrieved January 28th, 2012 from http://www. impomag. com/scripts/ShowPR. asp? RID=11870=0 Lockwood, N. (2005). Workplace diversity: leveraging the power of difference for competitive advantage. Retrieved January 28th, 2012 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_6_50/ai_n14702678/ Selman, J. (2001). Leadership and respect. Retrieved January 28th, 2012 from http://www. paracomm. com/articles/respect. html Tehrani, N. (2001). Building a culture of respect: managing bullying at work. London: Taylor Francis. [pic] How to cite A Culture of Respect, Papers

Religion at Work

Religion is a fundamental set of beliefs and practices that are generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects. In the Civil Rights Act of 1964 legislation, Religion include all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief; unless an employer demonstrates that he/she is unable to reasonably accommodate an employee’s or prospective employee’s religious observance or practice without undue hardship on the conduct of the employer’s business (FindUSLaw, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion at Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The meaning of reasonable accommodation is determined by the human resources. On the other hand, undue hardship may differ from employer to employer. However, religious accommodation may be granted if it does not in any way infringe on the rights of the other workers. Certain practices are easily accommodated while others cannot be ac commodated in the workplace. This paper covers the religious practices of the orthodox Jewish, the Hindu and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ practices, and whether these practices can be accommodated in the workplace, or not. One of the main practices of the three aforementioned religions is the observance of holy days during which some of their religious faithful are not allowed to work. The Orthodox Jewish day of rest (Sabbath) is Saturday. On this day, the use of all electrical appliances is highly prohibited. This includes driving, turning on lights, or even cooking. The Mormon holy day is Sunday and on this day, Mormons are advised to rest and worship. Mormons celebrate two religious festivals namely, Easter and Christmas. In the other hand, Hindus have many festivals whose dates change from year to year. During these festivals, they worship, fast, feast, and perform other rituals. Some of these practices can be accommodated in the workplace. Those emplo yers who require their employees to work on Saturdays can make an exception. Some practices that may not be accommodated include fasting if the employees were too weak to work. Orthodox fast days are spread throughout the year. During this time, no food or water is consumed for 25 hours (Rabin, 2011). This could be considered as undue hardships. Certain religious practices require a certain dress style. Orthodox Jewish women wear head coverings and are not allowed to wear pants while Jewish men grow sideburns and wear hats. Hindu women wear a special dress known as a mangalsutra while orthodox Hindu men grow a small pony tail on the back of their heads. Mormons are required to wear modest clothing that is not clingy. If a dress style poses a security risk, it cannot be accommodated.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are clothes that may be inappropriate for certain jobs e specially those that are likely to get tangled up in machinery. If a dress code is not in line with the organizations’ public image or if it does not promote a productive work environment, the employer has a right not to accommodate it. If a dress code is based on business needs and applied uniformly, it generally will not violate employee civil rights (Thomas, 2007). The three religions have strict guidelines on what food should be consumed. The Mormons do not drink caffeine or tea or any beverage that may be addictive. They are also encouraged to consume grains, herbs and fruits and to eat meat sparingly. Some Hindus do not eat meat, fish or eggs and the orthodox Jewish do not eat foods that are not kosher. This is a practice that can be accommodated by an employer by providing a wider variety of foods on their menu and ensuring that Hindu foods are cooked and heated in different containers from the ones used for cooking meat. The Hindu paradigm of Dharma-of doing oneâ€⠄¢s duty is a powerful force in the workplace. Dharma is not enough because Hindus have been castigated for being clannish and unwilling to mix with others (Srinivasan, 2007, p. 1). This has been attributed to the caste system. If the job they are doing involves networking or working in teams, this behavior cannot be accommodated. This decision is also strengthened by the fact that the caste system is illegal in India where the Hindu community originated from. It’s not unlawful for an employer to take action against an employee in a foreign country if compliance with the employee’s demand would cause the employer to violate the law of the foreign country (FindUSLaw, 2008). The prayer requirements of the three religions vary. Many Hindus are required to pray three times a day. During this time, they bring a plate, a cup of water and a spoon. Accommodations can easily by providing space where they can pray and store their prayer items. The orthodox Jewish and Mormon dail y prayer practices do not require special considerations. There are instances where the employer is allowed by law to hire employees based on their religion. If religion is a bonafide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or if the employer is an education institution owned, supported or controlled by a particular religion (FindUSLaw, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion at Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List FindUSLaw. (2008). Civil Rights Act of 1964- CRA- Title VII- Equal Employment Opportunities-42 US Code Chapter 21. Web. Rabin, R. C. 2011. Rabbis sound an alarm over eating disorders. Web. Srinivasan, R. (2007). The Hindu Work Ethic. Shadow Warrior. Web. Thomas, R. (2007). Dress code legal issues. HR Matters E-Tips. Web. This essay on Religion at Work was written and submitted by user Jerimiah G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Literary works describing the struggle against slavery essayEssay Writing Service

Literary works describing the struggle against slavery essayEssay Writing Service Literary works describing the struggle against slavery essay Literary works describing the struggle against slavery essayThere are many literary works that are no longer explicitly organized around the struggle to end slavery. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify the main theme unifying these more contemporary fictions. Three texts that will be discussed in this paper are James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, George Schuyler’s Black No More and Octavia Butler’s Kindred. These literary works describe the major conflicts of African American history that refer to the struggle against slavery. The authors of these novels provide the slave narratives that highlight the sentimental ideas regarding the struggle against racism. It is necessary to recognize the authors’ need to identify historical impact of contemporary literature on the representation of race relations. The literary works reflect the negative effects of the Jim Crow Era on African Americans, placing emphasis on the ability of litera ture to address racial violence and â€Å"see race through the lens of otherhood† (Lavender 63). Thesis statement: Three literary works, James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, George Schuyler’s Black No More and Octavia Butler’s Kindred, are focused on representation of the complexity of race relations which affect the further struggle to end slavery in American society.In the novel Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912) written by James Weldon Johnson, the key theme is criticism of race relations. The author of the slave narrative discussed the role of human identity in solving the problems caused by both interracial and intra-racial conflicts and violence. The novel tells about the life of a young biracial man, named as the â€Å"Ex-Colored Man, who lived America in the late nineteenth century. He had to make a choice between two racial classes: blacks and whites.   He could embrace his black heritage and become the African-Ame rican musician or to live as an ordinary middle-class white man. The author depicts lynching as a vivid example of racial violence caused by white supremacy. The author shows how a black man was burnt alive by a white mob. He writes about the victim of the lynching scene, â€Å"He squirmed, he writhed, strained in his chains, then gave out cries and groans that I shall always hear† (Johnson 83). The Ex-Colored Man, influenced by this event, makes a decision to pass as white man. James Weldon Johnson’s representation of race relations is based on violence.In George Schuyler’s novel Black No More (1931), the race problem in America is discussed to place emphasis on the existing racial differences. The author of the novel uses satire to criticize racial relation. The author tells the story of a black man Max Disher who uses scientific transformation process to become a white man Mathew Fisher. In fact, the author criticizes the existing race relations through repre sentation of the skin color of his protagonist who becomes â€Å"black no more† (Schuyler 78).   In the novel Black No More, the author highlights the significance of the race problem in American society. He uses satire to depict the functioning of the myth of race purity caused by the existence of white supremacy.   Racism described by the author is used to serve economic purposes, which reflect greed as the major motivation of the main characters in their actions. The racist environment, in which the main characters live, depends on racial differences between the blacks and the whites.   Thus, the main character Max is rejected by a white woman Helen because she is a racist. However, Max makes a decision to remove his blackness to become closer to Helen. The change of black population to white leads to serious economic problems in American society because the cheapest black labor force is lost.In Octavia Butler’s Kindred (1979), the reader is given an opportuni ty to assess a more complex representation of race relations in America. The author shows how African Americans address the history of â€Å"racial Othering† and the ways to struggle for their identity.   In the novel Kindred, the main character Dana, an African American woman, has a chance to be transported from the year 1976 to the early nineteenth century. She comes from Los Angeles to Maryland in order to meet her ancestors. She meets a white man Rufus and his slave Alice, a young African American woman. Alice was not a born-slave, as she was forced into slavery later in her life. Octavia Butler is focused on the use of time travel and the effects of genetic engineering to interrogate the historical paradigms of slavery in America. The novel Kindred is considered to be a neo-slave narrative that reflects historical reality of slavery in America. The author writes about race relations of white and black people living in the eighteenth century, â€Å"they lived in ease a nd comfort supported by huge numbers of blacks whom they kept in poverty and held in contempt† (Butler 196).Thus, it is necessary to conclude that many novels in American literature are focused on representation of the struggle against slavery, but the authors use different approaches to highlight race relations and solve race-related problems. Three novels discussed in this paper, James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, George Schuyler’s Black No More and Octavia Butler’s Kindred, are based on slave narratives that reflect the complicated relationships between slaves and their masters, and the relationships between the blacks and the whites, through shame, hatred and violence.

The Letter C in French

The Letter C in French The letter C in French is very similar to how we use it in English. It can be hard or soft depending on the letters that follow it, it can have an accent, and the pronunciation changes when combined with other letters.   This quick French lesson will walk you through the various ways to pronounce the letter C. There are even a few examples to practice along the way. Pronunciation The French letter C  is a lot like the C in English. The sound will change depending on if it is followed by a hard or a soft vowel. The French C  can be pronounced in one of two ways: Soft pronunciation - In front of an E, I, or Y, the C is pronounced like an SHard pronunciation - In front of an A, O, U, or a consonant, C is pronounced like a K When a C is in front of a hard vowel but has to be pronounced as a soft C, the accent cà ©dille - à § - is added to make it soft. Thus, à § is never found in front of an E or I  because those are soft vowels. French Words With 'C' With that introduction, lets practice a few C words in French. Given what you just learned, try to pronounce each of these words on your own. Then, check to see how you did by clicking on the word and listening to the proper pronunciation. Run through this exercise as much as needed to perfect your C sounds and expand your vocabulary. cafà ©Ã‚  (coffee)sucre  (sugar)ceinture  (belt)nià ¨ce  (niece)à §a va?  (how are you?)caleà §on  (mens underwear) Letter Combinations With 'C' The letter C is also used in a few common combinations and the C sound will change. As you learn more French, you will come across these quite often, so its good to practice them. CH  - Pronounced like the English SH or like a K.SC  - In front of a soft vowel, it sounds like an S. In front of a hard vowel or consonant, the S and C are pronounced separately and according to their respective rules.As in  sciences  (science) or escargots  (snails).XC - In front of a soft vowel, it sounds like [ks] or the soft X.  In front of a hard vowel or consonant, the X and C are pronounced individually and according to their traditional rules.As in  excentre (outlying) or express (espresso).

Australia Study(Issues for Australias presentation) Essay

Australia Study(Issues for Australias presentation) - Essay Example Others believe that parents and schools should be responsible for inculcating moral values and shaping behaviour of children. In this paper we will discuss who should be responsible for teaching ethics to Australian children. A brief background of the country and culture will be presented in this paper. The role of parents, teacher, and social institutions in providing education of ethics to children will be discussed. Australia is placed in the Southern Hemisphere and constitutes most part of the Australian continent. The country is fairly developed economically and militarily. It is the thirteen largest economy of the world. The country is also placed second on the Human Development Index. Australia is also a highly urbanized country meaning most of the population resides in the urban centres. The country is member of all the notable world organizations and enjoys a dominant position in the world due to its financial position. The quality of life and life style standards in Australia are very high, and corruption level is extremely low (World Audit Organization, 2001). This has included Australia in the list of developed worlds. Financial markets of the country are very developed and this has made the country integrated with the world. Australian culture is individualistic in nature. People follow westernized trends and this is evident in cinemas and theatres of the country (Teo & White, 2003). American pop culture is famous in the country and the society is independent. People live their lives in an independent way without family pressures typical in the eastern societies. Individualist culture is prevalent and people see themselves as individuals rather than as collective units. Australian culture is also influenced by the immigrants who constitute a significant minority. Immigrants are also growing at a fast pace because the population of the country is not growing rapidly. Immigrants have now become

Exposure to Light at Night increases the risk of Breast Cancer Article

Exposure to Light at Night increases the risk of Breast Cancer - Article Example Female breast principally entails of lobules which are the milk-producing glands, the tiny ducts that transport milk to the nipple from the lobules, the fat tissues referred to as the tumor, the connecting tissues found around the lobules and ducts, lymphatic and blood vessels the other part of the killing phrase is cancer. Riley observes that cancer is a word given to a disease where abnormal cells split with no control and are capable of leaving tumor to attack other tissues (Riley 36). These cells can multiply through the body through blood and lymph systems. Breast cancer is a cruel tumor that originates from the cells of the breast. A cruel tumor is a collection of cancer cells with the intention growing into the immediate tissues stretch to far-away parts of the body. These occur nearly entirely in women, however, men may catch it, too. A study investigated whether exposure to light at night-time increases the threat of breast cancer, this is likely by suppressing the standard nocturnal creation of melatonin by the pineal gland and this in return, could boost the discharge of estrogens by the ovaries (Schernhammer 1563). Such disclosure is related to the rising risk of breast cancer among women. In simple terms, light exposure through the night suppresses melatonin creation. In a case-patients aged 20–74 years, were diagnosed in three years, particularly from November 1992 to March 1995. They were regularly matched depending on 5 year age group. A person was used to physically interview and gather details on sleep behaviors, bedroom lighting, and surroundings in a decade before diagnosis and lifetime profession history. Odds ratio and ninety-five percent self-assurance intervals were approximated by use of restrictive logistic falling off, with alterations for other possible hazard factors.  Ã‚  

Strains of ESBL Producing E. Coli | Investigation

Strains of ESBL Producing E. Coli | Investigation Introduction Background of Study Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamases (ESBL) are beta lactamases which are mainly produced by family members of Enterobacteriaceae derived from mutations of the previous broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (Sharma et al., 2010). This enzyme works by hydrolysing and destroying the ÃŽ ²- Lactam ring of all cephalosporins, penicillins and monobactams (Sharma et al., 2010). In recent years, the emergence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli has posed a very serious problem to the management of diseases caused by this organism as only limited choice antibiotics can be given to patients. Carbapenems are the drugs of choice for the treatment of ESBL producing E.coli, however, carbapenamase resistance has recently been reported (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). Prolonged use of antibiotics was suggested as the main cause of the emergence of ESBL E.coli and the fact that the genes coding for ESBLs are easily transferred from one organism to another organism via conjugation, transduction and transformation ma ke the spread even quicker (Vaidya et al., 2011). ESBL producing organisms were first reported from a patient in Germany in 1983 and since then , several outbreaks have been reported worldwide usually one particular â€Å"super† strain has been involved presumably combining not only the capability to produce ESBLs but also possessing various other virulence factors that contribute to their pathogenic success. (Harada et al., 2013). These pathogenic ESBL producing Escherichia coli in recent years have become a major concern and their emergence is now become alarming in clinical fields and subjected to comprehensive studies worldwide. The most common infections caused by pathogenic ESBL producing E.coli are urinary tract infections (UTI), bloodstream infections, gastrointestinal infections (Fatima et al., 2012; Bekat et al., 2002). According to Petty et al., (2013), globally, E.coli sequence type ST131 is the multidrug resistant clone strain which is responsible for ESBL CTX-M15 bearing genes, and it is the most alarming pathogenic ESBL producing E.coli associated in causing UTIs and septicaemia in hospital community acquired infections. ? in UK or worldwide? As genes coding for ESBL in Escherichia coli are known to be transferable this raises further fear of the spread of these genes to other strains, continuous monitoring of the predominant strains of E.coli which carry the ESBL genes is therefore important. Problem statement Studies of ESBL producing Escherichia coli in the South Manchester population have been carried out previously. This study will investigate strains of ESBL producing E. coli currently circulating in the Stockport Population of South Manchester and compare them to those delineated in the previous studies using a molecular typing and pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Objectives The objectives of the project are: Screen for ESBL Escherichia coli clinical isolates Identify strain using PFGE Assess the relatedness of the strains by PFGE analysis Determine Escherichia coli plasmid profile Identify Escherichia coli phylotyping group 1.0.4. Significance of study Finding from this study will contribute to the existing data and the body of knowledge on the molecular relationship of predominating of E.coli isolates from South Manchester populations. 1.0.5. Scope and Limitations There are no data on the antibiotics consumed by the patients in which the clinical isolates originates from. The availability of this data might help in understanding relationship between an exposures of certain antibiotics to the emergence of ESBL producing E.coli strain. PFGE also has several limitations in which the method assess visual relatedness of an isolates and not using a phylogeny relationship which provide more accurate molecular relationship between an isolates. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli is a motile gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, non- spore forming bacteria taxonomically belong to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is considered as a normal inhabitants of gut and intestine in almost all warm blooded mammals and found as a faecal contaminant in the environment (Brennan et al., 2010; Darnton et al., 2007; Diniz et al., 2005). Most varieties of E.coli are harmless and do in the most part contribute to the normal and healthy intestine condition, while a few cause limiting abdominal cramp associated with diarrhoea. However, there are some serotypes that becoming a major threat to the human health, because they have acquired certain genetic material and virulence factors which enabling them transformed into pathogenic E.coli causing broad spectrum of disease (Clarke et al., 2003; Kaper et al., 2004). Pathotypes of E.coli are classified by specific mechanism in which they causing a disease, presence of certain virulence genes and their clinical manifestations (Chang et al., 2004). Growth requirements E.coli are non- fastidious bacteria, thus it can be cultured in artificial media with various altered physical and nutritional growth factors. It can be isolated easily from clinical samples by culturing into culture media and incubated at optimum temperature of 37 ºC anaerobically or aerobically as it is a facultative organisms (Yunlin et al., 2004) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli According to Pitout et al., (2005) E. coli is a frequent cause of the urinary tract infections (UTIs) of a hospitalised and non- hospitalised patients. UTIs are usually self- limiting but untreated lower urinary tract infections such as simple cystitis (bladder infection) can lead to much more severe illness known as pyelonephritis (renal infections) mainly among adult women (James et al., 2011). Infections occur by ascending movement of E. coli up the periurethral area colonising the bladder or infections by movement down from the intestinal tract. Due to anatomical complexities in women, they are more prone to be diagnosed with UTIs for at least once in their lifetime (James et al., 2001) 1.3  Escherichia coli typing 1.3.1  Plasmid profiling Multidrug resistant bacteria including ESBL producing Escherichia coli acquire their resistance by various gene transfer mechanisms which include transformation, horizontal transfer either by transduction, and conjugation, transposon and most often, are plasmid mediated (Carattoli et al., 2005) Plasmids are an extra chromosomal fragments of self- replicating DNA present in most of the bacterial species. Plasmids contain genes that are an essential for the replication of genes that promotes resistance to agents such as antibiotics, ultraviolet radiation, metals and bacteriophages. 1.3.2  Pulse-field gel electrophoresis PFGE was developed and described first by Schwartz and Cantor (1984). It is a molecular technique of typing a bacteria especially pathogenic Escherichia coli 0157:H7, non 0157: H7, Salmonella serotypes, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. PFGE uses a gel electrophoresis- based technique that allows separation of large molecular weight DNA up to 2Mb- 10Mb using a standard PFGE method (CDC, 2013; Hansen et al., 2002; Vimonet et al., 2008) PFGE is different to conventional gel electrophoresis as the large genomic DNA is digested with restriction enzyme that recognise and cleave specific sequences of DNA known as restriction site in an organism to produce a multiple DNA fragments which differ in size of their molecular weight (Van der Ploeg et al., 1984). The fragments are then run through constant changing electric field of PFGE resulting in a formation of DNA at various discrete size bands. This typing method has also been shown to have more discriminating power and reproducibility between laboratories than the newer molecular typing method such as ribotyping and multi- locus sequence typing (MLST) which confer more on the global epidemiology and revolutionary relationship between bacterial species (Vimonet et al., 2008) 1.3.3.  Escherichia coli phylogenetic group 2.0  Materials and Methods 2.0.1  Bacterial Isolates Bacterial isolates used in this study were Escherichia coli clinical isolates which was collected from Stepping Hill Hospital. Isolates undergo an anonymisation numbering of 1 to 20. 2.0.2.  Bacteriological Media The media used in the study were a selective differential medium for UTI Escherichia coli which is Chromogenic agar and nutrient agar which was used as a medium for growth and maintenance of isolates. 2.0.3  Antibiotic disks Table 1: Antibiotic disks used in this study was obtained from Oxoid.Ltd. Antibiotics Antibiotic Group Gentamicin (10 µg) Aminoglycosides Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) Quinolone Amoxicillin (25 µg) Penicillin Cefpodozime (10 µg) Cephalosporin Mecillinam (10 µg) Beta lactam Trimetophrim (2.5 µg) Bacteriostatic ESBL Disk kit (Mast Diagnostics) 2.0.4  Buffers and solutions Tris Borate EDTA (TBE X1 and X0.5) (Sigma) pH 8.2 was used as a running buffer in agarose gel electrophoresis. 2.0.5  Commercial kits The commercial kit used in this study was QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen) and DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen) 2.1.  Screening for multidrug resistance and potential ESBL producers in Escherichia coli clinical isolates Antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli to six antibiotics (Table 1) were tested using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. A 24 hour cultures from Nutrient agar was used. Then, a single colony was taken and transferred into 5ml Mueller Hinton Broth. It was then incubated at 37 °C to develop a heavy suspension of overnight cultures. A sterile cotton swabs were used to streak onto the Mueller Hinton agar and the rotation were repeated for three times. A final sweep was made around the rim of the agar. The plates were allowed to dry for several minutes. Using antibiotic dispenser, the disk that has been impregnated with a fixed antibiotic concentration was placed on the surface of the agar surface. After 24hr of an incubation period, the plates were checked for the presence of inhibition zone. Each recorded inhibition zone was compared with antimicrobial susceptibility testing disc chart provided by The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC). The inhibition zon e of each antibiotic was reported as ‘sensitive’, ‘intermediate’ or ‘resistance’. Isolates showing resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics were considered as multidrug resistance (Falagas, 2007). ESBL producers were detected by testing sensitivity of isolates against a pair discs (cefpodoxime 10 µg and cefepime 10 µg) with and without clavulanic acid placed oppositely on an agar. According to manufacturer (Mast diagnostics), isolates were considered as an ESBL if there is a presence of 5mm larger inhibition zone in disks with clavulanic acid rather than the disks without the clavulanic acid. 2.2. Determination of plasmid profiles in MDR and ESBL Escherichia coli 2.2.1  Plasmid Extraction Prior to Plasmid DNA extraction, a fresh overnight cultures of E.coli after an incubation at 37 ºC in a Mueller Hinton broth were harvested. Plasmid DNA extraction was carried out using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Extracted plasmid DNA was stored at -20 ºC until use. 2.2.2  Detection of plasmid by agarose gel electrophoresis The profiles of the plasmid DNA was determined on a 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis which has been carried out at 70 Vcm-1 for 120 minutes. The size of DNA bands was estimated using Hyper ladder 1 (Bioline) as a reference molecular weights marker. The bands were visualized under UV transilluminator and photographed with digital camera connected to visualisation unit (Alpha Innotech) and the size of the plasmid were measured by visual comparison to the reference marker. 2.3  Escherichia coli pathotypes determination 2.3.1.  Genomic DNA extraction Primary cultures on the nutrient agar was inoculated into 3ml Mueller Hinton broth for 24 hours at 37 ºC. The cells was then harvested by centrifugation at 12, 000 for 3 minutes. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out using DNeasy Blood and Tissue (Qiagen) kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Final volume of 150 µl genomic DNA were collected and kept at -20 ºC until needed. 2.3.2  Multiplex PCR for Escherichia coli phylotyping PCR reaction mix preparation must be carried out on ice. PCR was performed in 0.2ml PCR tubes on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems ®) with a total 25 µl of reaction volume as described in Table 2 and PCR condition according to Table 3. The negative control reaction lacking the DNA was included. Table 2:  PCR reaction mix Components Required concentrations Volume ( µl) per reaction Biomix Red 2X 12.5 Primer (forward) chuA yjaA tspE4.c2 20pmol 20pmol 20pmol 1 1 1 Primer (reverse) chuA yjaA tspE4.c2 20pmol 20pmol 20pmol 1 1 1 DNA 2 Ultrapure sterile water 4.5 Total volume per reaction 25 Table 3: Conditions for PCR gene amplification Genes Primer sequence PCR condition chuA Forward 5’-GACGAACCAACGGTCAGGAT-3’ Reverse 5’-TGCCGCCAGTACCAAAGACA-3’ Initial denaturation: 94 °C for 4 mins Denaturation: 94 °C for 25 secs Annealing: 52 °C for 40 secs 30 cycles Extension: 72 °C for 50sec Final extension: 72 °C for 6 mins yjaA Forward 5’-TGAAGTGTCAGGAGACGCTG-3’ Reverse 5’-ATGGAGAATCGGTTCCTCAAC-3’ tspE4.c2 Forward 5’-GAGTAATGTCGGGGCATTCA-3’ Reverse 5’-CGCGCCAACAAAGTATTACG-3’ 2.3.3  Detection of by agarose gel electrophoresis After completion of the multiplex PCR, the amplification product were separated by dry electrophoresis system. 15 µl of amplified product was mixed with 5 µ 5X DNA loading buffer (Bioline) and loaded onto 2% agarose gel incorporated with SYBR green dye. After electrophoresis, the gel was visualised by exposing the gel under UV light and was photographed with a digital UV camera connected together with the visualisation unit (AlphaInnotech). The size of the amplicon were measured by visual comparison to the 1kb DNA marker (Bioline). Phylogenetic typing analysis were carried on the basis of the presence or absence of an amplicon sized 279bp, 211bp and 152bp which belong to chuaA, yjaA and tspE4.c2 genes respectively. 2.4.  Pulse- field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 2.4.1.  DNA extraction Each isolates was inoculated into 5ml Mueller Hinton Broth and incubated overnight at 37 ºC with gentle agitation. Cells were then harvested by placing 1ml of culture into 1.5ml microcentrifuge tube and was centrifuged at 13, 000 rpm for one minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the process was repeated until all the 5ml of culture finished. The supernatant was again discarded and pellet of cells was resuspended in 500 µl of 0.5M EDTA buffer (see appendix) and was centrifuged at 13, 000rpm for one minutes to removes broth debris that might be interfering with the extraction processes. The washing step was repeated twice to ensure complete removal of debris. The supernatant was discarded once again and pellet was resuspended in 500 µl of suspension buffer. 2.4.2.  Preparation of low melting point (LMP) agarose To prepare the LMP agarose, 3g of SeaKem PFGE agarose (BioRad) were dispensed into 100ml of TE buffer (see appendix) in a universal bottle. It were then heated to dissolve. Agarose was transferred to a 56 ºC waterbath until needed. 2.4.3.  Preparation of the bacterial plugs The wells of PFGE plug molds were numbered. 3 plugs was prepared for each isolates. Then, 750 µl of LMP agarose was added immediately into each cell- buffer suspension and carefully mixed by pipetting up and down several times and be careful not to induce any formation of bubbles. The mixture of cells and agarose was quickly pipetted into the well of a plastic PFGE plug molds (BioRad). The wells was filled to the rim and plugs were allowed to solidify at room temperature or chilled for 5 minutes in the refrigerator. 2.4.4.  Lysis of the cells The cells were lysed by adding a mixture of 1ml of proteolysis buffer with 10 µl of Proteinase K stock solution (50mg/ml) (see appendix) into a 1.5ml new labelled microcentrifuge tube. The plugs were removed from the plug molds by peeling the sealant tape below the wells until all tape was removed. The PFGE plastic arm was used to push the plugs out of the molds into the microcentrifuge containing the mix of proteolysis buffer-proteinase K solution. All plugs for one isolates were transferred into the same tubes. Care was taken while pushing the plugs out of the molds as not to tear the fragile plugs. Tubes was then incubated in a heating block at 50 ºC for 24 hours for digestion to take place. 2.4.5.  Washing of the plugs After completion of an overnight incubation, the proteolysis buffer and Proteinase K activity were eliminated by carefully pipetting out the volume, care taken not to tear the plugs. The plugs were then washed with TE buffer. The washing steps was repeated three times, for every half an hour and were held at room temperature to equilibrate the plugs. 2.4.6.  Restriction enzyme digestion After completion of the washing steps, wash buffer was removed in the final wash leaving only agarose gel in the tubes. Then, 300 µl of 1X restriction enzyme buffer specific to the enzyme used was pipetted in each tubes containing the agarose plugs and was let to equilibrate at room temperature for 10 minutes. The restriction buffer was then discarded, taking care not to tear the plugs. Next, 300 µl of restriction buffer containing 50U of Xbal enzyme was added into the tubes and was incubated in an incubator for 24 hours at 37 ºC specific to the optimal temperature for Xbal enzyme. 2.4.7.  Pulse- field gel electrophoresis 2.4.7.1.  Electrophoresis gel preparation. After incubation, restriction enzyme reaction was stopped by addition of 200 µl of 50mM EDTA. Plugs were cooled at 4 ºC until needed. Then, a (1%) agarose gel was prepared by heated to dissolved 3g of PFGE grade agarose (BioRad) into 300ml of 0.5X TBE buffer over magnetic hot plate with constant stirring or in the microwave and swirl to dissolved. The agarose was then poured into a casting tray that has been placed with PFGE comb and let to solidify at room temperature. The enzyme- buffer was aspirated and one plug of each isolates was loaded into the gel. Care was taken not to tear the plugs. Then, a thin slice high range and mid- range lambda molecular weight marker (New England Biolabs) was loaded into the wells next to each other. After all samples was loaded into wells, the wells were sealed with melted LMP agarose. 2.4.7.2.  Electrophoresis Run The electrophoresis was performed by using a CHEF mapper (BioRad) which subsequently was filled with approximately 3 liters of 0.5ml TBE buffer. The running buffer was let to cool approximately at 14 ºC before turning on the pump. The run time was set for 24 hours at 6 Vcm-1 with 120 º angle using switch time of 2.16 sec to 54.17 sec. 2.4.7.3.  Gel staining Once the run was complete, the gel was stained with 3X Gel red nucleic acid stain (Biotium) with approximately 200ml distilled water and was gently agitated on rotary shaker for 20 minutes. The gel was then visualised under UV transilluminator and a picture was taken once optimal image obtained.

Analysis of the Text “the Time-Sweepers” by Ursula Wills-Jones

Analysis of the text â€Å"The Time-Sweepers† By Ursula Wills-Jones The following short story is about time-sweepers and lost time. They are people who sweep up all the time that is lost or wasted. They are invisible, but sometimes they can be noticed. They carry a broom, a mop and a big dustpun. The time-sweepers are hard-working. They work every day and are never sick. The lost and wasted time is packed and recycled.But not every type of time can be recycled, the most poisoned time is buried in a tank underneath a disused army base. The rest of the time can be sold to the people who need it or distributed to good causes or emergency situations. The full text is built on the conflict between people who waste time and people who sweep up all the time that is lost and wasted. Ursula Wills-Jones idealizes the time-sweepers and ridicules people.The author uses the stylistic device of climax in order to describe different types of time wasting: the man who has waited so long to pr opose to his girlfriend; the woman who has spent thirty-five loathed years in an estate agents, dreaming of opening a florists. The author refers to the stylistic device of hyperbole in order to laugh at the people who waste time: the time-sweeper will pass straight by the desk of the woman who is reading a holiday catalogue under the desk, poring over photos of tropical beaches.They will pass by the next desk, where a man is enjoyably wondering what his mother-in-law looks like naked, and stop by the desk of the young man who is counting every minute, and loathing the hours. The author creates a constant presence of time sweepers. The reader feels that they are everywhere: in the railway station, in the office, at your desk. The time-sweepers are hard-working; they don’t like to rest because there is so mush wasted time after holidays: it takes them around three weeks to resume normal service†¦

Racism, Racism And Discrimination - 1366 Words

Racism and discrimination, with or without recognition or existence of the label that is tied to itself, has always been a large part of society that can be dated all the way back to the Fall of Man. It is apparent in books, such as To Kill a Mockingbird, and is expressed throughout the world today. In the early 1900s, racial discrimination was still very prominent, but has slowly digressed until recent years where it has taken new forms. The historical context, the distinguished novel To Kill a Mockingbird, and biblical principles all support the fact that racism has been an ongoing problem for many generations. In order to completely understand the historical context of racism and discrimination in the 1930s, the time at which To Kill a Mockingbird takes place, a clear and specific definition of racism is needed to prevent potential confusion. In the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, racism is defined as, â€Å"A belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.† (Merriam-Webster). This means that some people have the notion that another race -specifically blacks, in this point in time- is socially inferior to that of white people simply because they look different and may act different. They associate negative things to that specific race and belittle every person of that race no matter who they are as individuals. Most of the characters in Lee’s novel take on this racism as aShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Discrimination927 Words   |  4 Pages From the beginning of ti me where slavery began, there is no sure way to know what stemmed the root of racism and discrimination. But who is to say that racism is a term that is only associated with Blacks, African Americans, or those of African descent. Racism according to Merriam Webster dictionary is a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Even though it is a term that may beRead MoreRacism : Racism And Discrimination1432 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is an issue still deeply engrained in virtually every aspect of American life. This country’s history is rooted in slavery and inequality among races. While there has been significant progress to realize a fair and equal America now and in the future, many citizens stubbornly cling to old, outdated and preconceived racial prejudices. For my experiment, I seek to further study and assess ongoing racism and discrimination by discovering and exploring the difference in potentially racist viewsRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1713 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is defined as a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has the right to dominate others or that a particular racial group is inferior to the others (Olsen, 2014) While most white Americans acknowledge that racism is a problem in the United States, white people are half as likely as black people to see it as a major problem. Three out of fourRead MoreRacism, Discrimination, And Discrimination1442 Words   |  6 Pagesand although the second time around might not be exactly like the first it’s the same in context. Majority of people can agree that forms of racism is still present in the 2000’s and others may beg to differ, but rather Americans acknowledge this or not it still stand s that racism, discrimination etc still exists today. Today we face racism and discrimination more discreetly than they did during slavery and segregation. Inequality in the workplace and schools still exist. Police brutality among theRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 PagesRacism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among different racial groups. Modern variants are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. 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Why is racial discrimination still relevant? I guess the real question will be is how to overcome racial discrimination. The beginning of racial discrimination stems from when the European settlers landed in America and conquered the NativeRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesRACISM AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN NICARAGUA Myrna Cunningham Kain With the collaboration of: Ariel Jacobson, Sofà ­a Manzanares, Eileen Mairena, Eilen Gà ³mez, Jefferson Sinclair Bush November 2006 Centro para la Autonomà ­a y Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indà ­genas Center for Indigenous Peoples’ Autonomy and Development Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 Contents 1. 2. Introduction Structure of the study 2.1 Scope and methodology 4 7 7 3. RacismRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Racism1760 Words   |  8 PagesHistorian Robin DG Kelley once said, â€Å"[Racism] is not how you look, it is how people assign meaning to how you look†. In historian Kelleys interview, he directly touches upon discrimination as a concern society neglects to negotiate. Many individuals of color are perceived differently due to their pigment. Racism has been a growing concern in the United States for decades now, however, no significant progress is made by political officials in addressing it, making it a hotly debated, contagious

Technology And Its Effects On Aphasia Patients - 1343 Words

B. Thesis: While technology plays a huge role in many aspects of Aphasia research, in the field of Aphasia treatment, the use of technology is still largely developing. AAC technology has a lot of potential to aid in the communication abilities of Aphasia patients, however, currently its use in aphasia treatment is not as efficient as its benefits in aphasia patients do not seem to be generalizable to real life communication outside of the treatment setting. II. Background A. What is Aphasia? 1. Aphasia is typically caused by damage to the portion of the brain that is primarily responsible for language. It is a communication disorder that can results in impaired speech and language comprehension. 2. Aphasia does not present itself in the same way for everybody. Depending on the kind of damage suffered, it can vary throughout patient s (Jacobs et al., 2004). a) Language production may be very limited - cannot speak fluently b) Some may have more trouble with comprehension aspects - speak fluently but words used don t make sense - used incorrectly c) Because it is related to brain damage, there are other cognitive deficits that may be associated with aphasia, depending on the type of damage. 3. Every individual patient with chronic aphasia differs, which means treatment has to be flexible and adaptable to the patient. B. What is AAC? 1. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 2. AAC refers to alternative methods of communication to speech that can be used bothShow MoreRelatedMusic Therapy For A Cerebral Vascular Accident3612 Words   |  15 Pagesbecome more and more established, becoming validated by broader and progressively accepted research. 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